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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old- n/ L6 e% P4 ^8 [5 u+ x
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
: q# v6 X5 @" d* d: W  EExposure to Testosterone
4 s0 h' a, t" eSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,25 |2 t7 ~/ e4 K( D9 u: b
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1" e0 h+ y0 I  m0 ]) z) p
Clinical Pediatrics9 l- j$ Y; l1 Y, g: y3 e
Volume 46 Number 6
; y9 I, v, a1 f; g" ?July 2007 540-543
( H/ z  g0 x  A4 T© 2007 Sage Publications4 F: K3 Q& ^& w3 c" G+ ~5 k3 a# C
10.1177/0009922806296651% o! h& F7 e/ B& _  ^- u- K' L
http://clp.sagepub.com' W) o. d! g* f/ B' ?. s9 D/ r! t7 v
hosted at
* t& H  I) R2 l6 _8 v; _http://online.sagepub.com
, ~* ]4 T9 o1 U/ F  P! WPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,! f. E( s; E0 S. [& u  d
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
' f% }* z/ o; v! [' i* Rprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
' P' g& z, @0 A( D; {through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has, I8 ^/ s8 x5 Y+ U3 J( `  ~
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system7 t# A, ?; T5 `. q; e
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
5 ]: R" w4 @/ S+ ]; }. E* A1 S" fby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic; h$ v  X2 a2 Z, i8 D2 |
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-8 i! x7 ^$ N* s, c4 J4 P
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We5 G" D; t* ]% S' P. l
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the: S$ T6 C- d! ~; |% b7 M
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
  ^  [! G( W% c' O9 N* ]. kment without testicular enlargement, which was due
" h4 Y& H% R3 r% \( [to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
+ n% a* v6 L  m1 H! p% ~the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
6 C6 u0 ]7 E4 p; ^3 S3 d* z# Kmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this% H& I5 z! a7 h7 M) b
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of, u  E# T) b# I7 m2 e- p7 A" H
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-# J2 Y2 m6 G6 [- {3 _$ C
bly more common than the rare case report in the
1 `) Z& ]7 }! n5 a, zliterature.49 Q, ]& R+ w+ C; O3 K
Patient Report
( ?/ W+ F% i$ J  XA 16-month-old white child was referred to the
' \+ o8 o: i) L, c+ {! \endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
1 q( |- [, [4 p* e' vof early sexual development. His mother noticed
$ \4 q) D, O/ xlight colored pubic hair development when he was- a  o  y+ m" O  R2 G& p
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
: I4 K+ a+ ~1 [- {1 z7 K: cSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.& e% B% N, }8 W1 P
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,$ o$ h' e. m6 K5 X& @; h
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
* s; |$ F. }" z) k- ]- R. @5 {: xMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;. u% @$ g% I4 Y7 }$ G% {+ l6 f
e-mail: [email protected].& ~  [! J  o/ v9 a# O
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became; a2 O$ k) D& @
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-* E8 }+ y$ N$ f4 d: j2 ~. W- ~
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
2 h5 b2 d; j6 R/ j0 }  p% e3 swas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with6 P% H, P8 b) T1 L9 H
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of3 v6 D7 ~. u) V" y9 C% L7 Q
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year. d$ \8 H( }/ k; O
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
) n6 p. W) y2 Q+ k; V+ P9 gsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
; g0 j# I5 [3 `: E/ Fand his psychosocial and psychomotor development
3 ]% x* ~& z- q8 }. ]+ rwas age appropriate.
0 k( S8 Q' F! y+ aThe family history was remarkable for the father,' s% `, V' w+ x7 j% B
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,5 _) P1 z( S3 R: o% G: i, `' x2 S
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s3 Q  R5 w: k' J7 v; _5 y
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
4 p' g, {6 m/ T$ D: b- Yearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
2 O% i2 ^$ C  x0 y! a9 C' k8 }: bThe father denied taking any other medication. The
4 X, x* C8 X5 {2 v$ Echild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
, F+ l, U5 f, t0 e3 D& Jwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet! o9 E6 f3 _1 G! U1 n7 V+ V6 Q
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-' L7 U9 m, v+ b1 ^9 ]$ n5 S5 o: P
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-+ |% Q' ]4 c- i' q6 C/ X
tives. There were no siblings.2 {: ]* I, `! K; y$ _" M# N: P
Physical Examination
4 p2 Q! ]: P2 s! y3 ?; N7 [The physical examination revealed a very active,
& ?% s& M# A2 y9 J* i2 ^  _playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented% |3 A  U1 G0 t) f1 Z0 e
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was% ?7 e' |+ C) S9 D
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
; E* M/ D: L, O* Q(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth5 p) X. @& S, }2 N) N! k5 u
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
% n9 O! C2 s" V% Y$ {% w# j; D/ lthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
6 k) B: Y  K" w3 ~1 u' IThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for6 \' _- j; W, P" G
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
! E3 n- J* U9 Z8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well* \9 P+ j1 G  |3 P% A( u
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around4 J3 Q1 L3 @& n1 B: C2 Q  S- T
540( v  x! n9 k/ F
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from% j/ A# b$ i9 f) o+ n8 l
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
+ K" m+ \' F7 V! _" Vtesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.% k* E) y  P- W
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
* S4 y0 j, u' {oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
! ^$ m" ]2 @* u, t3 ~abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
& M* `3 o& G! L6 K& o. |Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+1 y' y" N. N3 ~$ I3 Y; v" m/ \
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
' }% g6 n, b+ ~' {3 bof papilledema., J2 Y& e' _, B2 z6 a: o7 C" I
Laboratory Evaluation  W# Y; X; Y, c2 i! n
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
) N& P- V* q" c. }6 qusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-/ K9 ^- o) a3 C
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal* S% d9 t; O) p; @* S- p
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test* [8 l# Z# \3 E! ?6 Q7 L
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
. S1 m) F) ]$ \( E/ ]$ m8 qlating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).# V3 q& E6 g6 @% ?
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood  Y. C# @6 v, \6 z2 ?1 W
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
! F" @% E6 o' V. c: k% U$ [within normal range for his age. The concentration; [/ F# \3 B* j! ^5 E. @
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
6 J" `. W) [5 v7 i$ h3 C3 s! v(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
3 P6 j* `/ l5 o- gng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-9 p. ^  ?' l5 \  i3 v
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),2 U# Z3 i2 L" d$ e& L" B
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to3 d7 U7 U% |2 X
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)) V% E/ ]3 h# o) |- S
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
9 i; \, k# _5 h  H3 z$ \1 e( htisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total* @* z: x: Q$ U% ?1 i' o" [3 _
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),1 r8 t& g- F/ l5 w9 H" ?% j
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
& p6 Z/ \! I" ~+ O' I( g5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular& Y( |) B+ g6 N, N
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone# q& `7 _: a& D2 B
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
. m. r& i3 R, j8 n' {* @4 ^7 P(prepubertal).9 k# S- A3 ~: x1 w6 C/ M: c
The parents were notified about the laboratory
+ w4 k# N; S7 j: a# fresults and were informed that all of the tests were9 P" n9 r& }$ y5 u. i7 H: R9 I& C
normal except the testosterone level was high. The# q0 ?' q5 U" w4 o! R% b% E4 j! K* d3 C
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
2 z. I! ~) Z5 `4 P1 A! Bobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
* ?7 t! N- A) w- f8 W7 never, the family did not return for 4 months.
1 m) N! a; w/ [: ^. a7 rPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
( {# ~  Y* d  N" H6 s, Nchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained6 g1 L/ m8 N8 `# R
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained2 N8 t! k& E* T0 D' f7 o6 G
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-' d( X+ @8 g% U; {+ q7 q- Q& m' C4 @6 P
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
$ X; i" Y+ j5 R- T8 Y# s" Wthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
' ]; E* T( h9 \/ [/ p5 a: UmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.1 t. f# T( ~' Q& A& G3 y7 e. l
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-* @/ k" u" O0 Z5 `" U+ M
ing frequent erections.0 n7 `* v1 G; e. o
Both parents were again questioned about use of
& c  K1 j$ g0 Jany ointment/creams that they may have applied to0 K* _, S& o7 A" |" R
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the# M* P: s6 S: `( J1 ~
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 5414 T: M9 O& V7 e# J7 {; g
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-' C5 g) r4 [+ j3 J( r6 v
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for9 ]3 m/ J: q! Y8 d2 }2 k
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
$ R& I3 @9 }+ ?" g4 V* v2 M& [# |to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
; f" b! u% B  G  j; a& `scribed by his family physician for decreased libido( V) Z( Q2 d2 T" A
secondary to depression.
  Y9 H; I3 \7 N; H$ _The child slept in the same bed with parents.
1 f2 w1 h% X( c7 kThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his0 d. ?/ y6 b' ^* y- M' }
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-  D5 L1 N8 `7 C! f
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
8 _  O: e3 ^3 p( ~5 T0 s+ WThe father also admitted that after the phone call,
9 S. d7 V/ \# S0 W! k' fwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby& S+ T* B, U4 E, j2 x" W5 o; l
was high, he then read the product information" t* Q8 s  r- A) g2 }. D
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
& c) ?& p% _  V" _2 b7 L) ason for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
( Q3 U' a- I2 ]% A% Tdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
  Y! B. A/ ]/ {, E4 Zfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had' z6 I1 U( @9 H) R' E# t
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone4 A1 q, O9 x* A
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the+ y5 @5 e( E( o
laboratory to obtain the test.5 L/ `, [9 s& I
Discussion
- m( }9 y. I, L& UPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary" \" n) u/ ]4 t- f1 u0 s( T
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4  H* h5 N+ W; ^4 {0 Z
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when8 ?( I+ v$ y+ y% z# ?& E* i" x
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
# n0 i% m/ s$ ?  ^, Othalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
. W1 r2 g" O/ Y, i8 }mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP9 S- _1 \* X1 I( D
may have a central nervous system lesion that is# F8 i& G: N$ W$ D) S9 b
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
( M5 ]* i. ]5 xamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
5 c2 O4 _9 p7 @- k0 Xsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
; k7 g7 b; l; _7 Z) P9 ]- T2 s- _3 ?boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
- m8 t! v5 {+ w( k0 D! Hization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-( H  Q0 s' Y# W! u# E: Z
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by- B: P; T4 A. c) N; r
gonadotropins.1,38 S4 X2 j" `, d' G; [& ~7 c7 S
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-" b2 e" C! g1 M
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate2 E8 y5 V" ~  r0 A: C' T$ C
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
% G" w' j- b% p$ o  M' Bexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-; {- u% K2 Q- p: [6 ?) ]; s& Z5 s* B
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
" I' s* ^- E) icongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive3 M  W( g. T0 [5 g# }, }
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
" D3 R1 v9 y+ u" f; gpuberty in boys.3,4) ]9 s: m% z6 Y
The most common form of congenital adrenal3 y+ B7 G  w! Q' t7 D" z4 {
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
* |4 ]9 g' c4 p; KThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
. [' a, K% w4 d: T4 texcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,. c& G, s! o, e, I" a
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
* Z) m1 L) m4 \( c0 n9 o& Zexcess.1,3
/ y' p+ ^" A0 K! o2 m# O" `+ Rat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from" D- H+ R( W$ q$ _% o9 H$ [
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 20073 Z1 w. @% G1 l3 k
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-( T' E8 s* \" S' y7 N+ `
independent precocious puberty, which is also known6 s% B7 ]: D6 v4 p9 w! m7 F
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a- v( A3 }% A+ y5 c) g' v9 o. k
very young age. The physical findings in these boys& W/ |: V8 B: d# |' m6 N+ V
with this disorder are full pubertal development,) B' `; z1 y7 w: j5 O" K3 ]
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
  v" V' g8 _% B3 i( h  Kwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder6 W/ g; g8 u9 y
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
0 n7 g: V2 q. _* W2 Cpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
, M' m$ ^, d% r$ Creleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked' Y' E. g; @! Q" k. {
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
  W+ Z  c5 B* I0 p  Lmales; therefore, other male members of the family; w8 J' O# u$ T. j2 _
may have similar precocious puberty.3
* v- B0 N2 o: @9 h, [In our patient, physical examination was incon-
" x  }7 r9 J0 ?4 Y8 L3 [% C5 C# }sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
  l9 d4 D% C. T& s( d3 c8 K5 \  e9 Rcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
, ^% z4 F1 J+ s9 S: t6 E. D3 Fwas in the differential diagnosis because his father
) D3 F5 Y6 ~+ y3 T2 }; b# a) Vstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
# M4 N2 v& B% V7 z0 {! Ltesticular enlargement is not that evident in the3 \4 ^8 G& N4 o) V* f+ A
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-: H) R, [/ v/ f8 ?
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
4 z8 N: k, S6 i, Y$ C' Tbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,7 ^7 P% @+ `' u5 Z1 u# ~4 c; |
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
- d; I9 Z; V2 r+ R# F& Xdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-2 G; E# b, b3 R: d9 m0 p& T
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
3 o  z$ |+ g3 sThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
3 M: w- d5 s* \, I8 h" A4 ksuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because0 l7 [" t; W! B4 t
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-# T4 C: g! _' L) o- v+ l( Y. T$ f
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
: }/ ~6 Q0 r  D& ?. U( \decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
9 ?1 P. u+ _7 ~8 r: t* n& Q' i% \terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
- D* O: m+ S3 f# e% ~9 D3 q# Qusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
& d0 o1 M( e: r: n2 b9 }1 J/ }1 BDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or' K. Q9 g" F: _) T; l$ P
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
" J. [" O8 f4 `3 Eunprotected females through direct skin exposure.# A) i  a* F0 ], A0 U+ x
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
) C# d! V0 r0 p/ w6 s# l) Qbaseline value in those females who were exposed to
1 G0 U  V# k6 A  heven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
% Z6 q! H9 m/ I$ N* a$ Rpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-3 O9 S" `* s, R: T, j3 ~
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.# h% P) j4 h3 z9 L
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
2 V: p& |! E  L  V8 twhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
2 O- s* S5 M0 J* u% K, L6 n* {! o/ xdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-0 t1 B9 D9 _# S# t) y* f. t
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
- A; e  ~  H, C; M3 cactive in young children exposed to testosterone2 i; u; s( N2 @4 c$ R7 V$ [, y
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
0 a8 R' z3 c7 g8 B6 O, A( hdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
5 r1 x9 y( O* D0 W- Qvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in% s) P" g/ G- B: Z5 q5 x
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
  J# x0 E. F1 x, \; r  k5 h' kadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
. D  o$ X1 B+ V' T  r/ c" }The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
5 c# m% f: z" L  N+ D7 Mearly childhood on pubertal development and final
: W- h2 Y0 v4 h5 xadult height are not fully known and always remain7 J# O4 \. j8 a0 x% \+ ~- k/ Y4 y; b* t
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
# {8 h3 G6 F# \- b/ @  [# tterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some! Q' \; I5 s% t. X( z) _9 D
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
3 X4 L8 C0 N9 s# Xcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
/ L( W! ~' v7 ^& mdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
/ Y1 g3 z2 _% V# s5 l  s6 B" F. aThere are conflicting reports and controversy
+ t& i+ x7 N" u8 g! L4 e' j3 mover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
; }0 ]3 ~2 ?2 y9 R% H2 z# Npenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal  R# h  w: l6 ^1 K% J- G& W+ f4 M
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
8 H/ @2 O3 f5 n3 P; \' uulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,  V3 E: a. C1 n) v
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
" I4 D' E* Z7 w+ t% U  Uchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
+ s: Q: N1 Z% mpenile length in clinical studies.2 t4 K  i" a" ]9 _3 h% |
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
5 }' d: k, K; ?) w/ q$ |0 Xgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from# D; e. {. G) f2 S! P/ o& h$ B
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because6 V, W7 k9 g  g- n( s4 O; m
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
0 l* f$ @5 q0 }6 m+ b5 z& y! VAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of) K/ X+ I+ o; U: p8 J; M
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at, J7 A) W* F- u9 E- c" t* i  X
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult9 Y$ C0 @1 x9 }: K3 h  e! G3 d
height will not be affected.
  E# w5 L- O$ x% W, `7 b* [Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-2 i& T0 T" t- a1 p9 N& {
ability of androgen products in our society may8 H2 b+ j1 n5 P6 ~$ P6 \0 @
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
2 B" Y% Y- }2 A% ?! ochildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-, x7 b+ c/ E1 ?7 _/ `: u
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
* O& M5 I2 V, d# [tioning about the use of a testosterone product or6 T6 C+ z6 h/ {: [
gel should be asked of the family members during
9 I5 _- D- l6 Cthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-9 c% I0 Y' r1 X0 Q
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-) W( W' v7 [2 |% S' e
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
/ Y3 u  K, u2 c! @$ |, @6 yappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
) m5 D" {, I* s/ C5 J, Hhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may1 U1 V3 r" m/ I9 F( Y& f* u
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
/ v) C% l9 ?1 Jinvestigation. The primary care physician should be1 a5 x' |# ^& B- }3 i* Z* f
aware of this fact, because most of these children
$ U( H8 J4 h2 p+ M2 Imay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’! i0 I3 M; Y5 z, T. n) G7 N
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a/ ?' B) Q- ?8 a0 H  ^1 \# f
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
  W% c6 T9 _8 m0 {: V' i6 ffemale child who might come in contact with some-
) G7 r6 u+ A5 ]. z& K7 lone using any of these products.( i: j, B& I$ h" h8 E
References7 \. q6 \6 U1 N* o
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation" \4 s/ Z% |7 [9 d6 i
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
/ {$ u: x* m+ @  h* ?" g" UEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
6 M- M- k: t" C- U1 G: W* {9 _) v2002: 565-628.
6 ^  q9 q. N+ {7 B: n/ @0 d2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
/ A9 u, E9 f9 `, h9 \. O* C! cpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old5 \" d) Z# b2 C# R
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
5 ~, e8 D' l. vExposure to Testosterone6 {& N) A( ?. L; D0 {
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
4 G& h# o; ]( M6 o4 tand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
" S1 d* a& f1 B) tClinical Pediatrics) h9 z, X3 X$ A9 F9 h% H
Volume 46 Number 64 [+ P$ f  t- U* K+ u
July 2007 540-543' I- d. |* A: f# Y5 o! L; E, |$ _
© 2007 Sage Publications2 J* m1 W9 _* E0 J5 m
10.1177/0009922806296651
6 _- W- ]4 S* n* Q& t8 `http://clp.sagepub.com0 q" e% h5 b7 ~. {! s7 S0 S4 X+ @
hosted at
& _6 e& i6 C! E+ q1 K" rhttp://online.sagepub.com
- d6 w9 p$ X+ ^Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,. F7 H( J" |& }9 H) ^+ x
is a significant concern for physicians. Central$ f% `) H; ^/ q( F
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated! b$ U! Q5 F1 i: [# Z
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
+ U, ~3 H' [8 na higher incidence of organic central nervous system2 {) i: [' G# h. J2 h  w/ Y- @7 o
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested! _2 Y* l9 P7 Z. h2 @7 M1 `
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
' N$ D! c/ [5 d# M4 l  ]) q* V2 }hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
$ R+ z2 J$ D; f. fcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
( G1 X/ E# _5 l$ Q9 areport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the) w' F& w5 a) B
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-- I1 H3 J7 Z2 `9 ^3 r. L
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due6 d+ ~- K/ Y  y! {6 O
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by7 Y; y) [( v: a. e: h# u
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-! e+ T3 n) _6 o0 R
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
9 m' |' M: ~+ G" O( Y8 |; b" zchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
6 P$ V% {! l! N6 o# ^  [5 @testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-  s- b1 g) d1 J+ ?, K! R
bly more common than the rare case report in the
# T& l; h4 q5 j/ t, E! Sliterature.4
, s+ g+ r0 b+ u/ S  Z5 XPatient Report/ f# `9 M: k$ P; }( ^! S! E8 z/ k
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the% ?+ @' c4 D# A
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern/ r2 N# u  y1 v, S4 K9 K3 s
of early sexual development. His mother noticed1 s4 N$ l4 i. |$ d3 X
light colored pubic hair development when he was/ A* T( i& ^7 v
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of7 Q/ g8 S& w* U0 A( J% Z  M; Q/ h9 y
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.7 T& {' V; I( C1 m$ L
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,$ W  \5 a% v9 j. `* G3 o! w) g+ m
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
7 m* J, r% ?5 z1 D4 AMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
7 g6 \% [5 a: D# ^; M/ C# ge-mail: [email protected].7 W6 u1 Z$ [/ y6 G, f0 z
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became$ m' U9 @) _2 b& A
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
' B0 p$ H9 [# n8 L: W$ D# i  i4 ^ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
# \+ Q5 H* o7 v* gwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
+ e+ n" b6 b7 Q1 K: U7 z7 O2 M: _a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
, T/ k: v8 J+ D* @! ?* p4 x, m( |20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year7 m' ~$ L0 |, ~3 p
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
0 _2 K7 i* f; T9 E( Asolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
6 A$ f0 J1 x1 ]* o% H) tand his psychosocial and psychomotor development
: b5 b( t. Q, A& r7 b3 _0 Gwas age appropriate.
8 }5 _8 F- q2 |0 O/ rThe family history was remarkable for the father,
5 R$ Z$ r2 Q# p; m6 C! Wwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,, H( n0 g; N$ A0 M
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
, t7 r4 x( u4 Q: F  Sheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
& b- o  `& l& M9 h* L* r# nearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
# n! y9 s+ B3 pThe father denied taking any other medication. The2 ?" i$ a; c3 o; d( G
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche  U: w$ a6 R0 j. w6 i: n+ a* @
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet% |" j" N1 P; q$ g: t6 u0 d
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
( Y! d- C3 e; g) ococious sexual development in the first-degree rela-7 w2 Q2 t$ b. ~, ]3 k# C4 D
tives. There were no siblings.
. }6 T2 Y0 }- W* w. |Physical Examination
+ h6 _9 q( _2 ^2 L  q0 oThe physical examination revealed a very active,
* A$ s, d; C6 a' o( C; oplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented$ l6 _1 e- P9 c$ P2 S1 m# J$ _
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
% t0 G* W( ~% `# M7 }8 X, \4 o90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg2 T$ y: P* F7 F+ C
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
5 C) f8 v- j. E! x" X# T; n! y8 uvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
3 f4 |: x! b5 d+ |' zthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
+ M, @4 ]2 u% m/ B( yThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for
& W/ j3 L; U2 u& u# zenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of$ \- ?# @$ k$ f) D5 C
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
3 K: S& {3 X2 u& E; Y* R2 Udeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around7 r! U: m0 Q2 U1 f8 ~6 @
540' d. e, ]9 f" [, M
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
" r. V: v. R  E3 |7 vthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The6 s  j1 b; q; M; d; N
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.% _* ^' u9 v& Z) L
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat1 a+ e/ D+ P! V5 J+ s# t- ~/ h
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
+ I" A; ~+ z+ c. h! s0 D# c! uabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
" t& M- x9 A1 Y8 PNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+6 }8 y# N& n5 a# v
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
/ y+ l6 j, p6 q' S0 `* P2 mof papilledema.
  r- T/ J7 p7 ?5 XLaboratory Evaluation
' ?8 m, W1 _0 N) [2 E9 G) UThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by+ H& F8 G6 P6 x
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
- H  h" w/ G% r& Rlogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
+ P) l4 b* ~' Z) Wkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test& F, r- N8 m  O+ _* ^  c! V9 `* a
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
! `" p  p) r! v$ hlating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).* {0 U' B: l9 `8 u0 |2 \8 [
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood2 y8 B) s4 k; K# ~4 b5 @! r( s
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were% E9 u3 m# D/ r8 P
within normal range for his age. The concentration
  F4 R+ y/ H3 B! K5 S2 oof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL) d6 o) b) m: L# ^+ d1 o
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
5 \) n* U3 ^0 q) G4 Y( Cng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-' G3 @% Z1 @3 G( V
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),5 A; V; _* t, J4 C8 _1 W$ c% d
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
" S) I- p) ~; d5 v* a49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)) K6 M1 E8 L4 |
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
* f5 }2 }) t5 c1 ^; @7 k& _* a- @tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total2 x$ O% m- B- |4 X
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),7 y3 y3 z1 y6 J5 }5 }
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
8 I) ]7 c& m  b9 A' ~2 I- \) z5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
: z6 @3 u& [( P* j! p8 cstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
3 ^" h6 m7 i+ }7 \" O* |$ D# Nconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
- q$ L/ r7 G, V$ b0 X(prepubertal).
0 [9 z) M9 g  oThe parents were notified about the laboratory
  w+ g+ u1 d  Z; w4 ^, }# mresults and were informed that all of the tests were
3 \( p. j% g5 k' vnormal except the testosterone level was high. The8 l# {4 V& t. h/ ^
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to; {$ G* `5 s( c$ v' A7 g
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
: w" A- M8 I, [& O& _5 {ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
2 a# u- `. W# x( APhysical examination at this time revealed that the
3 Y7 I5 c. N3 a) dchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained7 ^- \6 [5 J1 C
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
9 ^- W5 \, O8 v( u9 U: B  k. Kunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
" L( V( U3 V; Hpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
& y1 g$ R; B( e" d  @  L/ _4 O  A1 Mthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2, q, ]; B+ N2 @  S! i- j6 C8 ~
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
2 `& E$ f& e3 kThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
# ?; J6 j- i: z3 r! w* [" H7 hing frequent erections.* O! J  c2 v4 z; W2 M" c
Both parents were again questioned about use of
4 W0 i( }/ T: w& fany ointment/creams that they may have applied to" f: b. V% r2 ~: U6 T
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the/ x) u  W5 d) a  y6 e: N6 i
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541, P% o' L( b6 o
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
% S- y# _1 V1 [ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for3 \& q. V3 L% T' r% B
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed  a" ]6 b0 R; G: x1 }7 K- z% L
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
  `, T5 x( P7 Q+ iscribed by his family physician for decreased libido
+ S7 F- A, x# b4 g+ P9 vsecondary to depression.
3 `5 H3 t1 B; ^* j5 k; r- [The child slept in the same bed with parents.9 m% P8 W' b- j0 r/ |
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
& z& g; u- d9 H5 }chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-* Y* I- y  t, v" T
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.. ]" R( }6 n7 Z3 B7 k
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
7 a1 k% @& w; I0 f( W/ zwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby
  l/ i3 x3 r8 p7 ^$ _3 f( ?6 O2 cwas high, he then read the product information3 A: K* [$ h5 C8 b7 S
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
: C+ m" h5 E6 [7 z6 N6 ?son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they, ]7 l; X, Q- g4 g7 w* }0 x
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
3 @; |( ~3 O& V9 t: \5 I$ \father was not hugging him with bare skin and had1 _7 d& b8 L' b* o; ^% w- S/ g* e& p
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
9 ]6 O1 ]% ?2 Ktest was ordered, but the family did not go to the( H3 e' U, O  E6 J* n+ p; N' y
laboratory to obtain the test.
  e. T) w) [8 ^% L" ~% C$ I9 ZDiscussion
% m3 l0 W2 D/ P8 Z# f+ f, ~7 y9 c' zPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary. h! O, a8 h7 D1 Z4 Y4 A: ^
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
6 |9 Z6 ~2 g; K7 w  ^Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
2 {% c  p. v7 ?* y- iit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
3 o4 S# T: n: u$ ?2 ~- @thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-6 Y/ a3 F9 J8 @: P% @
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP1 n7 S2 j" b+ E& y8 k
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
2 L& C2 R8 D% z$ c# {0 h- tresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
* d, h  }' }5 S8 h$ n8 V* w7 Iamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
4 S  s% Q2 z6 dsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
' A" z7 i$ x  t2 r4 T" c! ?( J: \boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-) \' r& ~( h2 [- L6 s
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
! s) S% ?3 }& m6 q8 a" r( i% D7 `rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by7 [8 E& i9 s6 ?# I0 a2 q" G
gonadotropins.1,3& ~$ O' p* B5 C' [  O
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
* _) x2 f5 ~6 S2 p  X$ Pcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate7 J" K  b1 j2 a+ X# T3 M# e. o5 d2 @; y
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
# t8 w8 R7 R: ]; n! \exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-1 \( Q# k/ |9 _$ c$ Z
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing+ T7 u' v# _: H' i- D
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
" `: m9 T6 k6 u. v9 F3 eadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious/ g# J$ p3 w! b1 |9 F
puberty in boys.3,4% l" j! L7 U- S( k: i8 k% S- i# P
The most common form of congenital adrenal
. A! ~. y# k. Z9 y& ]hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
6 K7 E! ^! L4 O: dThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
! K4 g- H6 o1 z- j; X- H1 {excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,8 D' a$ t/ A  b3 Q
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen+ m1 Y( @$ {% S- x1 M( G8 p% L
excess.1,3: P4 L* g$ i9 Y8 i. Z; [5 F
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from% H* G; w8 a, d7 Q1 u
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
9 ~- L/ v& X3 z. b4 r0 Q0 r& |A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
: L6 Y, m5 k9 @2 M' Tindependent precocious puberty, which is also known" i2 N& Q+ b+ ^% f) X
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
' M  N( c* b- _! C. F- Hvery young age. The physical findings in these boys- c7 g$ F' r) l$ B7 R3 T/ H
with this disorder are full pubertal development,& t/ J" [7 Q3 W
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
/ r9 d' z! v1 h) G5 L: g/ Rwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder& x; g* c# b' d9 V: v1 o' G
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
. c6 z5 s' f5 j5 r$ P5 s/ w  Mpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
8 o* O# Y1 l; I3 q4 lreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked6 ~2 V- _6 ~) r" D$ u/ r
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only- S+ L, n- _% C, [" A
males; therefore, other male members of the family, y' V2 u8 {+ `" C0 F
may have similar precocious puberty.3, q# a3 J" M' a0 I1 b
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
$ N- y- x/ }8 Q: I; msistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-2 j6 {; N# _9 R  R2 Z: M" ?
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
: D2 b$ I* y; }# Gwas in the differential diagnosis because his father) h  d7 {0 E. u) W+ p) P/ M
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
' G4 `3 O( O6 E0 W8 Ftesticular enlargement is not that evident in the3 K% @0 @8 T) a7 t. I
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-6 V- J: R" ^: l% a
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
' q+ X8 L1 g+ ]( |  C! l6 k0 Hbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
9 U2 [, Y/ D" ~4 u# @0 _either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
- F5 l3 s  y0 s3 n3 Xdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
' f, n0 ~( e- N* v1 W) Bing the normal level of adrenal steroids.+ N3 d5 P5 C6 a: v9 [- a
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
: c3 `0 g# T6 j, ssuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
% w0 {+ a8 O7 Z$ m/ J* Tthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-; V/ s& H2 N3 _4 A5 D: G. U) P
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and7 e. D( U0 R, y/ D
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-+ w; K1 J6 }+ P2 M
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was* K6 {' P) s3 ~  j/ l0 Q( E
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’  z1 F$ m( F: \  I; z( a
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or0 b3 A7 N& X2 {& P& R* ~
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to$ Q' F- m1 O* f; T2 \
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
' ], z, C: \$ w* a+ \Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
4 [- W* b3 r+ L5 tbaseline value in those females who were exposed to
/ U* j% @$ G6 C( s2 f. Weven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male0 D# N0 P, [; w
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-0 R8 A. Y7 Z4 ?2 C3 ]' d/ J
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.& F( s+ v$ z; u
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,% A6 P( H/ i- e' j  ^. n5 k
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that. f; G! q# h& l& h: [, i# ^
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-4 G. M+ z# m. ?7 w9 p
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more+ |/ U: c9 ]& s$ J* B
active in young children exposed to testosterone
9 `: d% R) C1 ?& K# `! kexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-/ R2 a' e1 O4 M- p  K% I9 x$ t/ Y
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
8 |$ `7 ^" a1 r6 ]& bvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in% }8 z7 U- u* K4 D3 B
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
, m/ f' Z) B; K& t$ jadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.' v! S  p4 g( x& s" q$ c3 q( z
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
" q  c+ L& W- g. ~early childhood on pubertal development and final& y7 h3 I! ~1 t3 X1 r
adult height are not fully known and always remain
% G! ?" s9 q$ w0 _8 {! h9 Ba concern. Children treated with short-term testos-: U; _- k% a- u' x7 y. t
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
  A6 J2 K, A3 h) Sacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after& v- e$ R7 k' v) s) _
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
9 s2 _, f4 ~- K; Z  @+ vdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,95 f4 m$ ?- F5 c" z; m3 u
There are conflicting reports and controversy" e. |$ b, E5 E' p6 V% F- f( R( R
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult- p8 g  ]' I. A4 T7 E1 W
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
+ v4 f; L1 T& V& n# R# Badult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
0 t+ U8 f' c5 u' V3 eulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,$ d- z/ x% H; p1 g7 X" H
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between8 [3 h1 F. ^( G( I8 ?  Z: `
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult: x' y$ N) f5 r$ C+ u) Z8 t
penile length in clinical studies.  X$ c3 B, s; L) l
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
. H/ F8 r! r. U, `( P$ Agoing to experience any of the untoward effects from
$ k/ `# o- X8 J, B& Y$ y: ptestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because# v. q: e1 ~  D, o" M- g
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
7 }& G3 d5 D( Z/ j8 ?# OAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of, L( o/ E" U/ _
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
0 o7 F0 ~( z) o9 x1 B% D! V! Bthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
7 y( O* M& V3 O; Y. O) Eheight will not be affected.
  K9 y) ^. ?& U8 q7 X! qAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-
; O, k5 c! @4 d. l7 v! Lability of androgen products in our society may
+ w$ i" S) X, Vindeed cause more virilization in male or female
; X$ t0 o% D- T9 |children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
* P. n; U/ d4 w4 egen products must be considered and specific ques-
, y; c8 D# u  _: l/ o# ktioning about the use of a testosterone product or( Z# @+ c9 r4 r) q5 _" B
gel should be asked of the family members during
8 ~' @$ Y% R; {! c+ A+ {the evaluation of any children who present with vir-, O6 n& K. \0 v
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-) z. W& u9 K& B! j& W) s' l' N
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
. }) B# Z9 b' x, [" z. H$ q& T, \appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
$ c* b* G/ E' Z: c: }+ ]history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
0 O3 \# v& w# w1 a4 L4 Q  g; nresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive/ r% R  y# i1 k: m& a# M& V
investigation. The primary care physician should be
/ e0 A9 k1 X) F' P7 H  ?7 Naware of this fact, because most of these children
; N7 P7 |- ^% K) y/ ?! l' mmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
1 y5 W2 [- D! v( ~, a0 |* qDesk Reference and package insert should also put a
6 n& O5 L- }# _6 l4 `  ^$ v) M2 `warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
. A* |- J% l, v7 `7 L1 V7 z" Z- |4 m" Afemale child who might come in contact with some-, K. ~& o) @8 w  N) C
one using any of these products.
4 s2 `; A( X2 \5 |# ?References
7 i( B1 B+ h; q6 c8 T1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
0 \# z. ?! M+ p: }8 d" d* yand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
+ U: V3 b7 E* v8 p: hEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;* a$ m9 V# b: _  E/ u$ Y; G- f1 F, H
2002: 565-628.
% c% z4 I/ D5 K/ ]- D2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
$ T2 Q7 F  {8 W) q' Q# xpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-7 21:59:43 | 顯示全部樓層
這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!
發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層
9 d7 j! L# ~$ H( {: J0 G
精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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